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SQL Server 2012 error 0x851A004A during upgrade

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I am attempting to upgrade an existing SQL Server 2012 Express database instance. I'm running the upgrade from the command line with the following command.

SQLEXPR_x64_ENU.exe /Action=Upgrade /UPDATEENABLED=False /IACCEPTSQLSERVERLICENSETERMS=True /INSTANCENAME=MyServer /ENU=True /ISSVCACCOUNT="NT AUTHORITY\\NetworkService"

It passes all the rule checks, but then while installing it gives a not too informative error- The Database Engine error log location is missing from the Parameters key.

From the log file -

Machine Properties:
  Machine name:                  VM-PC
  Machine processor count:       1
  OS version:                    Windows 7
  OS service pack:               Service Pack 1
  OS region:                     United States
  OS language:                   English (United States)
  OS architecture:               x64
  Process architecture:          64 Bit
  OS clustered:                  No

Product features discovered:
  Product              Instance             Instance ID                    Feature                                 Language             Edition              Version         Clustered  Configured
  SQL Server 2012      MYSERVER            MSSQL11.MYSERVER              Database Engine Services                 1033                Express Edition      11.0.2100.60    No         Yes       
  SQL Server 2012                                                          Management Tools - Basic                1033                 Express Edition      11.0.2100.60    No         Yes       

Package properties:
  Description:                   Microsoft SQL Server 2012 
  ProductName:                   SQL Server 2012
  Type:                          RTM
  Version:                       11
  Installation location:         C:\a1e378e8ee597997d9db\x64\setup\
  Installation edition:          Express

  Slipstream:                    True
  SP Level                       3

Detailed results:
  Feature:                       Database Engine Services
  Status:                        Failed: see logs for details
  Reason for failure:            An error occurred during the setup process of the feature.
  Next Step:                     Use the following information to resolve the error, and then try the setup process again.
  Component name:                SQL Server Database Engine Services Instance Features
  Component error code:          0x851A004A
  Error description:             The Database Engine error log location is missing from the Parameters key.

I've reviewed the following posts and none of them have resolved the issue:

https://sqlcan.com/2014/10/20/the-database-engine-system-data-directory-in-the-registry-is-not-valid/ - The SQLDataRoot value is correctly set

https://social.msdn.microsoft.com/Forums/sqlserver/en-US/116cb02f-81f0-456b-ab7b-2c2dc157e99e/sql-2000-to-2008-upgrade-failed-message-wait-on-the-database-engine-recovery-handle-failed-check?forum=sqlsetupandupgrade
 
and
https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/varund/2009/03/21/how-to-verify-path-for-sql-server-error-log-files/ - the Parameters key has all the correct values assigned

https://answers.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/forum/windows8_1-update/windows-update-fail-sql-server-update/8d2be866-8a3c-4c8e-8071-df26c057a4a3 - the database owner is 'sa'


The current database version is the RTM release. I've tried SP1, SP2, and SP3 installers with the same result. I've tested this on (x64) versions of Windows 7, Windows 8 and Windows 10 Virtual Machines with the same result.

Any additional support would be appreciated.


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